Abstract

Aging is a multifactorial biological process governed by the progressive accumulation of molecular and cellular damage, culminating in diminished physiological function and increased susceptibility to chronic disease. Despite decades of research, current pharmacological anti-aging interventions remain limited by side effects, narrow therapeutic windows, and high costs, necessitating the exploration of safer, naturally derived alternatives. This review critically examines the anti-aging potential of plant-based bioactive compounds, with emphasis on their mechanistic roles in attenuating oxidative stress, suppressing chronic low-grade inflammation, reversing cellular senescence, and restoring mitochondrial homeostasis. Major classes of phytochemicals, including polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and carotenoids, are discussed in relation to their molecular targets, signaling pathway interactions, and epigenetic modulatory activities. Preclinical evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrates promising efficacy across multiple aging hallmarks; however, translational challenges involving bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and clinical standardization remain significant. The integration of advanced drug delivery systems, including nanoparticulate carriers, liposomal encapsulation, and phytopharmaceutical formulations, represents an emerging strategy to overcome these barriers. Furthermore, regulatory and ethical considerations surrounding the commercialization of plant-derived anti-aging agents are evaluated. The collective evidence suggests that plant-based bioactive compounds hold substantial promise as translational tools in the development of next-generation anti-aging therapeutics, warranting rigorous clinical validation and interdisciplinary research investment.