The extraction of bioactive compounds from plant-derived materials constitutes a foundational step in phytopharmaceutical development, directly influencing product yield, purity, and therapeutic efficacy. Conventional extraction techniques, including maceration, percolation, and Soxhlet extraction, although widely employed, are associated with significant limitations such as excessive solvent consumption, prolonged processing times, thermal degradation of labile constituents, and poor selectivity. These shortcomings have driven substantial research interest in advanced and green extraction technologies that offer superior performance across critical parameters. This review examines recent advancements in extraction methodologies for phytopharmaceuticals, with particular focus on supercritical fluid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, and enzyme-assisted extraction. The principles, advantages, and limitations of each technique are discussed in the context of extraction efficiency, selectivity, environmental sustainability, and industrial scalability. Additionally, optimization strategies encompassing process parameter control, solvent selection, and analytical integration are evaluated. The review further addresses the regulatory and safety dimensions of modern extraction processes and explores translational challenges in scaling these technologies for commercial phytopharmaceutical manufacturing. Evidence from recent literature demonstrates that advanced extraction methods consistently outperform conventional approaches in yield, compound preservation, and environmental profile, positioning them as critical enablers of next-generation phytopharmaceutical products. Future perspectives highlight the convergence of green chemistry principles with digital process monitoring as a pathway to fully sustainable and efficient extraction platforms.