Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, represent a growing global health burden affecting millions of individuals worldwide, with limited curative therapeutic options currently available. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the development of phytomedicines as potential therapeutic agents for neurodegenerative conditions, emphasizing their mechanistic basis, preclinical evidence, and translational potential. Neuroprotective phytochemicals derived from medicinal plants have demonstrated significant promise through multiple mechanisms of action, including antioxidant activity that mitigates oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory effects that reduce neuroinflammation, inhibition of protein aggregation including amyloid-beta and alpha-synuclein, modulation of apoptotic pathways, and enhancement of neurotrophic factors. Preclinical studies utilizing in vitro neuronal models and in vivo animal systems have provided robust evidence supporting the neuroprotective efficacy of various plant-derived compounds, while emerging clinical investigations have begun to validate their therapeutic potential in human populations. Advanced formulation strategies, including nanoparticle-based delivery systems, lipid carriers, and permeation enhancers, have been developed to overcome blood-brain barrier limitations and improve central nervous system bioavailability. Safety considerations, toxicity profiles, and potential herb-drug interactions require careful evaluation to ensure clinical applicability. Regulatory frameworks and standardization protocols are essential for quality control and reproducibility. The future integration of evidence-based phytomedicines into conventional neurotherapeutic strategies holds considerable promise for developing more effective, accessible, and safe treatment modalities for neurodegenerative diseases.